The Sounds of Summer

Ah, the sounds of summer, a summer now almost free of Covid-19.

The sweet song of the ice cream truck, the cooing of doves, the reverberating bounce of a basketball, the shrieks of kids doing whatever kids do.

The night also has sounds, some good and some annoying.  One of the worst is the hum, buzz, click clacks, and muffled sobs of air-conditioning.  The just-as-you're-fallling asleep blare of the air conditioner cycling. 

 Turning the volume of your television so high that folks a mile away can hear it, so that you can hear it over the air conditioner.

Why are air conditioners noisy? What are all of those dissonant sounds? 

The basis of air-conditioning seems simple: a compressed gas released through a small hole becomes extremely cold.  The heat inside shifts eagerly to the cold air and is then whisked away. Something like that. 

As suggested, an air conditioner has a compressor.  It's there to compress a refrigerant, which means a chemical that destroys ozone, or it used to.  Safer refrigerants are now used.

Once the refrigerant is cold, it is circulated through a series of tubes, which unwound, would be a zillion miles long.  The circulating cold in the tubes takes the heat of the room away.  A fan behind the tubes blowing into the room, helps the process along.  

When the tubes warm up the refrigerant travels to another region of tubes.  There the refrigerant condenses.  This place is called, reasonably, the condenser. It's connected to the cold tubes but on the outside of the window. As you may recall, condensation releases heat.  Another fan helps blow the warm air away, The refrigerant travels back through the compressor and the whole cycle begins again. 

So, that helps explain the noises. The compressor is an electrical device, probably not well shielded for sound, and designed to work non-stop for months or years. The refrigerant is gurgling through the tubes, creating a lessor drumbeat of noise.The fans may be creaky or unbalanced.  The axles that the fans spin on may be a bit warped or twisted.

The cover of the air conditioner is made out of relatively flimsy plastic that vibrates when the compressor, fans, condenser coils, and other relays, switches, and valves click on and off. 

Jamming something, like a wood shim, between the case and the wall or window frame might deaden the vibrations. Or you could wear earplugs -- or just get used to the noise.  

Modern houses, built in the past 50 years, put the compressor outside in a small enclosure. The less noisy parts are inside the house. 

Several decades ago Albert Einstein, the atomic genius, and a an acquaintance,  Leo Szilard, future father of the hydrogen bomb, developed a novel  refrigerator that used heat to create cold. It consisted of three loops containing ammonia, butane, and water.  The device required no electricity.  Einstein was apparently interested in air conditioning due to a accidental release of refrigerant that  reportedly killed a family in Vienna in 1926.  

Einstein and Szilard refrigerator 
diagram

The descendants of the Einstein-Szilard refrigerator are now used in nuclear power plants, where the absence of moving parts more than compensates for the air conditioner's complexity.  

If price were no object could a quiet air conditioner be produced? A quieter one, sure.  It would be packed with noise-dampeningn foam, contain a carefully designed and balanced compressor, and equally precise fans, belts, tubing and so on. The quiet ar conditioner would probably cost as much as a new car, roughly speaking.  

As the greenhouse effect heats Earth to levels unprecedented since pre-history, think about how air conditioning works, about Einstein the inventor, and about how how delicious the sound of the window air conditioner clunking and buzzing away.  

Some air conditioners are quieter than others

 

 

  

Bitcoin, Money and The World of Make Believe

Confused by Bitcoin?

Of course you are!

That's really the whole point.  If you know about Bitcoin, you are likely a criminal, a would-be criminal, a law enforcement official, or one of the alleged people who created Bitcoin,

I do not understand Bitcoin, despite a perfunctory Google search. Bitcoin is a decentralized, anonymous database, or something like that.  Bitcoin has value because -- like actual money -- some people believe it does.

Speaking of actual money, like dollars and cents, consider how "real" they are.

You carry a wallet full of paper bills and a pocket with a few coins.  Is the paper and alloy inherently valuable? No.

 It represents something.

Money is as confusing and weird as Bitcoin, but we have become used to it,  Eons ago, someone realized that gold is in very short supply and hence, is inherently valuable.  Rarity seems to be the source of value -- supply and demand -- whatever that means.

Our currency is "backed" (?) by gold stored in Fort Knox, or that's how money used to be explained in school.  Seashells and other items were the first money, but they became impractical.  So someone, Adam Smith, perhaps, came up with a representational system.  A one dollar bill represents one actual dollar somewhere. Where? I don't know, but presumably someone like Paul Krugman does. 

Paper money is lighter than silver or alloy coins, so it is, our was, the way criminals bought and sold stuff. Money, inn theory, is untraceable and it is fungible, meaning that it can be used in other ways, like making small paper airplanes.

The New York Times, the newsprint version, explained today that our government was able to trace Bitcoins paid for ransom after cybercriminals seized a pipeline (how?) in the United States. The Department of Justice was apparently able to reclaim a large part of the ransom, by somehow determining the private password of the Bitcoin database or blockchain that the criminals used.

Bitcoin  is virtual, meaning it does not really exist, sort of like Britney Spears or the Royals. The stuff of Bitcoin is stored on servers somewhere, huge conglomerations of computers in storehouses in places like like Utah or Mars. 

So is our "money." So, in fact, is almost everything else not counting private property like cars and houses. I've read about arcane activities such as mining Bitcoin, which would make sense to people who'd understand Bitcoin.

If there are any.

A Magazine For Losers To Feel Like Winners

Our son, Alexander, is a successful adult and is living comfortably in New York. 

We still get his mail occasionally. That's how the latest issue of Inc. magazine entered our house.

I cannot imagine Alex or any other actual businessman or woman, or entrepreneur, reading this periodical. 

Inc. reminds me of Men's Health published by Rodale Inc.

 A magazine about mens' health would certainly be welcome. It would concentrate on aging, diet, obesity, anti-depressants, high blood pressure, cancer of all kinds, infectious diseases, genetics, dental health, and the latest advances in medicines, drugs, sports medicine,  and exercise advice from primary sources.

This version of Men's Health would be a lighter New England Journal of Medicine, with a wry columnist, a few news stories, and some photos. 

As it is, Men's Health, Rodale edition, is not intended for its readers. Articles are about young successful actors, athletes, models and other handsome, trim men. These characters are presented as successful executives or middle managers who want to get ahead. 

Any actual news about men and health that somehow gains access to Men's Health is there by accident. 

Likewise, Inc. is supposedly for middle and junior executives, entrepreneurs, and  business owners of cool merchandise.  Who reads it? Certainly not real executives or entrepreneurs.

No, the readership is made up of tired old coots who wish they were scions of industry. Just as the people who read Men's Health are flabby losers who want to feel sharp. Like all magazines it's cover features lists of numbers: 8 ways to tell if you're poor, 12 things to tell your psychiatrist;  3 signs she's cheating on you, etc.

I have a feeling Inc. is no more.

Pity.

The Difficult Easy Chair

Okay. It's been awhile. 

We live in desperate times, and I'm desperate to write. You know how that is.

 Will anyone read this? Likely not.

Have you ever tried to take apart an inexpensive arm chair? Again, likely not.

We found one on the side of the road, and being frugal, or whatever, carted it back home. I insisted on a 2-week quarantine in the garage to let the infecting fleas, ticks, earwigs, ants, bedbugs, bees, wasps, aphids, et al, escape.  Also mice and other small animals.

This is a much nicer new chair, but you get the idea. Its big.

We dragged it onto the porch, which converted the space into a surreal painting -- tiny room with enormous chair, in the style of Magritte.  Then chair went back got the garage.  We wanted to get rid of it, but once you've taken ownership things get a lot more difficult.

We left it on the curb. No one wanted it. Then it got rained on and No One wanted it. We were stuck with it, but I had a plan of sorts: dissemble he chair and throw it away bit by bit.  Sort of the way POWs got rid of tunnel dirt in movies.

The chair was really a fold-out footrest deal, with a fair amount of metal parts. Those were relatively easy to disengage.  And people want scrap aluminum or steel or whatever alloy that was.

I assumed this thing was made in Canada, largely because the U.S. stopped making furniture when I was about 2 or 3 years old. Deep within the chair, far from any casual shopper's view, was a  small slip of (stapled) piece s of paper, addressed to everyone and no one.

The chair was "45 percent foam...55 percent polyester" -- no talk of wood or metal-- made by El Ran Furniture LTD.../Point Caire, Quebec.

 The chair's serial number, in the event of its being stolen and recovered, was 100225724002.

My wife told me that taking apart the chair was a waste of time and that I would probably injure myself.  However, a person has to do with a person has to do.

El Ran be dammed. 

I took a sledge hammer to it, without much effect. The cloth covering of some synthetic fiber held the rest of the chair together and was surprisingly resilient. Not like a sheet of cotton.  More like bullet resistant  Kevlar.

I pried it apart one snowy evening, leaving three main parts connected by the connective tissue of textile. The carcass had two arms. a back devoid of fill.  It was all wood.  

But it had scant screws and other expensive (?) joiners. Mostly it was held together by staples. 

Not little staples that hold school papers together, although there was smaller sized staples. The plywood and pine of the chair were striven by enormous staples, spread intentionally and also willy-nilly.

Staples held the cloth together, which in turn kept the wood from coming apart.  Like skin. 

No, this was nothing like dissecting a body. Not even close.

I imagined the El Ran factory floor: young blond, scruffy men with staple guns, lunging and stapling in a mad cloud. Occasional laughter and swearing as they installed staples in devil-may-care insouciance.

This small piece of plywood had numerous staples. Was this necessary?

I removed staples by hammering the backsides of plywood, prying them loose with a crowbar and smaller similar tools. Leverage was usually tricky, as you could imagine. Brute force sometimes worked, but often left half staples, sharp as needles sticking out of the wood in unpredictable places.

I began to imagine how it was built. The workers don't call them staples, I'm sure. They are either "connectors" or some  Canadian slang only known to chair assemblers. How are the staples installed? My mind sees young (blonde) men going crazy with enormous staple guns.   Who gets stuck. with the tiny staples? Either the oldest or the youngest workers.

 Maybe small staples are a reward for service.

I have cleared a small piece of plywood and a leg of staples.

 There are a few more lurking, I know. Staples, unlike nails, bend, making them difficult to remove. Those scruffy guys knew what they were doing.

All of the staples removed from oner leg and a small piece of plywood. 

Kinder and Gentler

This posting seems inevitable and misguided, but that's just my routine negative thoughts speaking. 

The same negative thoughts that brought me to the desire -- the imperative -- to end what was going on in my head.  Fortunately I asked and received help, which sometimes felt like being in jail.
 My fellow patients, however, did not seem crazy at all. 

Many were just like me. 

I'm writing this as a blog post with the knowledge that next to no one ever reads this. Why? 

Because the stigma and shame depression has to be calmed. I feel better.

 Here's what happened:

Things became stressful in  2008. I had been depressed since  could remember and had concealed it fairly well. Then came the death of my father and a sister, open heart surgery to repair a floppy mitral valve, and throat cancer.

To top this all off I was laid off as science editor of the New Haven Register after 30 years of work.

Unfortunately for me, I loved that job. It was interesting, challenging and satisfying.  Writing about medicine and science did not seem like work -- and thus became an easily worn identity. At the  time I frequently brought a negative attitude to work.

More than a negative attitude.  I was looking at the world through lenses colored by difficult parents, shaky genes, and a problematic environment. Depression started when I was a child.

Depression has remained a vague and under-researched condition. The word has a 19th Century feel. One word that describes a variety of disorders that have similar symptoms, like "the croup."  Depression can make a person eat too much or too little; sleep too much or too little; talk too much or too little; etc.

No one deserves to be laid off after 30 years, not even a sarcastic, ironic know-it-all.  Collected unemployment, taught at Quinnipiac University, paid back unemployment, wrote a bit for the New Haven Independent, and ended up in the straits of volunteers.

I got booted from New Haven Reads.  I am not aware of this happening to anyone else. I wrote the following limerick and another person left it faced up on her desk:

Unemployment's a terrible curse

and it's only going to get worse.

I don't have a future to bandage or suture

so I guess I'll just wait for a hearse.

Maybe it was a "cry for help."  The person then in  charge of New Haven Reads asked I was OK. I said no one was OK. She asked if I was receiving psychiatric help. I said everyone there could use psychiatric help.  I subsequently received an email informing me that I was not a "good fit" with the program.

With nothing to do but ruminate, nothing I wanted to do, depression worsened and I became increasingly irritable. Friends did not see this because I saved it all for my wife, who began to talk about selling the house and moving out.

My whole fetid world was thrown into chaos and my brain began to produce waves of intolerable panic.  Panic that could not be controlled or confined. Panic that made me feel like what I imagine a trapped mouse feels.

Panic became unbearable and I concluded that it must be stopped. Looking out of a window on a sunny fall day I decided that I either had to start consuming heroic amounts of alcohol. Or stop my brain with a shotgun blast.

 Why did I not choose drinking? That has all sorts of societal and medical ramifications. That blowing my brains out seemed like a better solution now seems darkly funny.  Sort of.

I drove to a nearby mall where I recall having gone to a sporting goods store that sold rifles, pistols and shotguns. No panic at all. I had the serenity of someone who has solved a problem. The calmness that comes from knowing a solution, an easy solution, to what seems like the end of the world.  

A still-healthy part of my mind directed me to a store, which had gone out of business. I drove home and called one of my sisters and told her what I was planing.  She suggested  --strongly -- that I go to a hospital.

I reluctantly admitted myself and then spent a month at Yale Psychiatric Hospital on a floor I could not leave surrounded by equally, and sometimes more screwy, patients.  Several were there to detox from alcohol,  synthetic or actual opiates, prescription drugs, and who knows what else.

Others were like I had been. No one on the floor mentioned suicide. Maybe that was beside the point, or perhaps there was no reason, already locked up in a loony bin.

If I could think of anything original to write about life in a mental hospital I would.

During my stay I met with psychiatrists who suggested that electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) might help me.  ECT, which, by the way, does not include electric shocks, had been suggested to me before. Now it seemed like the time.

ECT does not magically transform most patients in a single treatment. But as I was treated, I did feel the undertow of depression begin to fade.

Modern ECT (No grimacing, thrashing, broken bones, shackles, or amnesia) has helped many people, most of whom are not eager to share the experience.
Dick Cavett,  Kitty DuKakis, David Foster Wallace and Dr. Sherwin Nuland, are a few who did not mind sharing.

I'm hoping depression has lost its grip and does not return.

Meanwhile, I'm trying to be gentler and kinder to myself and others, including my wife.

Why am I so sure?

^{Why am I so sure that people who take film flam seriously are mistaken or deluded?}

^{Why can I not sit silently as otherwise intelligent people spout ridiculous nonsense based on fallacious reasoning?}

^{Am I skeptical or merely contemptuous? Aware but disdainful? As if I know everything. People do not like this behavior yet I persist.}

 ^{Yes, I have much work to do on myself.}

^{One pitfall I have avoided is alternative “medicine” that makes no sense.  The treatments are senseless as are the people who spend money on them. It’s one area in which intellectuals indulge in anti-intellectual “medical” treatments based on self-delusion and placebo.} 

^{Let’s start with homeopathy.  Homeopathy was developed by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. He was not a doctor, but even doctors then were not doctors in the sense that they helped patients.} 

^{As you know, this was centuries before Louis Pasteur, Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, and later scientists who discovered bacteria, viruses and developed the germ theory of disease. Semmelweis famously reduced infant mortality in a hospital by having nurses wash their hands.} 

^{But back to Hahnemann. His theory was “like cures like,” or in Latin, similia similibus curentur.  In practice this means if you present with stomach pains you get some substance that causes stomach pains.  Have a headache? Take something that gives you a headache.}  

^{Does that make any sense?} 

No.  All it has is an appealing dialectical symmetry. If you’re into that kind of gobbledygook.  

 ^{Hahnemann, who was treating “miasmas” also believed that diluting the “medicine” made it more powerful, speaking of obviously ineffective methods of treatment. He diluted and diluted and diluted whatever he was preparing to the point that the “medicine” might have one or two molecules of the original herb, or whatever.  Many preparations contain no medicine. So, the person with a stomach ache is not even receiving the ill-conceived stuff that helps by causing stomach pain.} 

^{Perhaps a more interesting pseudoscience is chiropractic. Chiropractic was invented by Daniel David Palmer in 1895.  Palmer’s theory, if you want to call it that, was that diseases are caused by spinal imbalances that can be corrected by manipulating a patient’s back.} 

^{Palmer’s thoughts are more complicated than this, but since it’s all bunkum, no greater explanation is necessary.  Needless to say, Palmer had no medical training, nor was his idea based on any accepted knowledge.} 

^{Despite its sheer ridiculous underpinning chiropractic attracts otherwise intelligent patients. Since 1895, the practice has inched closer to massage, and is less likely to cause injury.}

^{This is a fine place to introduce the idea of the placebo effect. Placebo is from the Latin word  placebo, meaning “I shall please.”  Placebos have no actual medication. They depend on the brain’s expectations of relief.} 

^{Researchers frequently test potential drugs by dividing subjects into two groups. For example, lets say they are testing a compound that relieves the pain and swelling of osteoarthritis. All of the test subjects have arthritis. They are divided into two groups.}

^{One group gets the experimental treatment and other receives a placebo. The researchers frequently do not know which patients are getting the drug, and who is getting the placebo. That is called a double-blind study.}

^{The placebo effect is fascinating as it demonstrates the role that mind and perception play in many illnesses.  Pain, inflammation, concentration, mood, and other subjective ills respond to placebos.}  

^{Consequently, if a person is convinced that homeopathic medicine works, even though it is plain water, the preparation my effectively relieve a headache. In other words, the person with the headache is self-medicating with endogenous peptides or other compounds.}  

^{This is why medication tests frequently compare the efficacy of the drug versus the action of a placebo, because people are convinced that pills work.  Centuries ago when treatment involved blood letting to balance nonexistent humors, some patients may have felt better before they bled to death.} 

^{How’s this for a study:  Subjects with back pain receive either a real chiropractic adjustment, or a non-chiropractic jostling.   See if there’s any difference between the two groups.  The placebo effect seems evident in chiropractic, but is complicated by the role that human touch plays in health.} 

^{For interesting yet mysterious reasons, many Americans place their trust in ancient Chinese medicine — but would never agree to be bled. Some Chinese medicines may contain active compounds. Those that do not have the placebo effect.}

^{Some include heavy metals and other toxic materials. This should not be surprising, as the development of Chinese medicine was not based on empirical research.  Ancient Chinese healers did not understand anatomy, the causes of diseases, and reasons why some plants work and others do not.} 

^{While Europeans had the four humors — phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, and blood — on which to base treatments, Chinese healers developed complex ideas about Chi, the life force, and the paths it travels through the body.}

^{Modern adherents believe that Chi is real. They do not believe in the four humors, but accept an equally arbitrary construct of philosophy and religion. Thus we have reflexology, a pseudoscience that is believed and used by many otherwise “intelligent” people.}

^{They accept chi but sneer at the four humors.} 

^{Biologists know how human metabolism works, how proteins, sugars and fats are broken down and converted in complex processes to energy-rich phosphate bonds. These are ATP and ADP.  Google them. ( Here’s some things to look up to get you started: cytochrome. electron transport. mitochondria. citric acid cycle. catabolism of glucose.)} 

^{That is where human energy originates. More specifically, that is the only way humans, other mammals and vertebrates and invertebrates produce energy.  This energy is used to move muscles, make other proteins, maintain the immune system, fight infections, and keep all of the organs working as they should.} 

^{If I know this, why doesn’t everyone else? Or do they know it and disregard it because Chinese medicines and reflexology and homeopathy seem less profit-driven? More pure?}  

^{Do people not appreciate major advances such as  vaccines, clean water, sewerage systems, sanitation, antibiotics, and a plethora of drugs that have increased the human life span?} 

^{Why would people with access to doctors choose obviously bogus modalities such as homeopathy and chiropractic?} 

^{Do they have untreatable conditions? Have they exhausted all conventional therapies and procedures? Perhaps, but what logic is there in turning from disappointing  reality to outright fakery?}

Mass Shooting -- Another One

This fellow was not using his firearm for sport. 

This may seem petty in light of the record-setting mass shooting in Los Vegas.

The apparent culprit was described as having "high powered rifles."

All rifles -- all rifles -- are high powered.  If he had been shooting BBs, that would have been a low-powered rifle. Or if he were using a popgun.  What kind of rifle would you be willing to be shot with?

The mysterious lunatic in Los Vegas was apparently using "bump stocks" on some of the arsenal of rifles he had in his hotel suite. 

As the name suggests a bump fire stock allows the recoil of the rifle to automatically load another round, creating a weapon that seems to be automatic. For some reason this is legal. 

The problem is that with the body of the rifle sliding or bumping back and forth accuracy is almost impossible. If all the shooter wants to do is fire many rounds into a crowd, a bump stock will do the job.  For accuracy, however, a semiautomatic rifle is far more accurate.

All of which raises the question of why assault type military firearms like the AR-15 are sold in the United States.  The AR-15 is the civilian version of the M-16 that is used by U.S. armed forces.

The AR-15 and M-16 were designed for one purpose: to kill people. They were designed to fire a small caliber round at extremely high velocity. The NATO 5.6 mm or .223-caliber round is lethal at several hundred yards. It produces a large temporary cavity, turning the victim's internal organs into mush. 

Hunters  generally use larger caliber rounds that can cleanly kill their prey. This usually means a bolt-action rifle, which has a low rate of fire compared to a AR-15 with or without a bump stock. A shooter with a bolt action rifle could have killed many people before the police located and neutralized him. 

But a hunter's rifle is not designed for combat and to kill enemy soldiers.

This is an important distinction because after the Los Vegas shooting, something must be done. Some legislation must be passed. The number of mass shootings is just too high to go on.  

What does not need to be done:  restrict magazine size. Assault rifles use smaller caliber ammunition because each solder can carry more rounds. Changing a magazine takes only a second or two. 

What does need to be done: Ban AR-15 and AK-47 type rifles.  They are not used by hunters. They are used by people who like to shoot things like watermelons and bottles. Some owners may actually use them for target shooting. 

Target shooting is basically practice to achieve accuracy in shooting people.  The myth of sporting firearms may have been created by the National Rifle Association too justify the manufacture and sale or civilian assault rifles.

This is a modern development. Before the late 20th century there was no sporting firearms industry and the average  rifle owner did not equip himself with a semi-automatic person-killing-capable rifle like the AR-15. 

The  short history of sporting firearms is important. Rifles were invented as instruments of war and were developed  during the 1500s through the 1800s to better and more rapidly kill enemy soldiers. 

During the Civil War gunsmiths discovered ways to engineer repeating arms. By World War 1 soldiers were still equipped with bolt action rifles like the short magazine Lee Enfield. Machine guns were large and immobile.  

Automatic weapons were designed to clear trenches. The Thompson sub machine gun was a trench clearing weapon that was too expensive and complicated for military use. Later versions became military weapons. 

The US Army became the first to use semi-automatic combat rifles. The M1 was loaded with a stripper clip and could fire rapidly until the clip was empty and was ejected. 

During World War II Germany invented the modern assault rifle, with a straight-back stock, stamped metal parts and chambered for a round larger than pistol and smaller than conventional rifle rounds. 

That brings us to the AK-47 and eventually in the early 1960s the AR-15 and M-16. 

People in the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries never used rifles to  plink or shoot at targets, except as part of military training.  There was no civilian battle rifle industry. 

Now it is time to take all assault rifles out of circulation. This may take years or decades, but it must be done.

Otherwise, mass casualties from deranged shooters will continue to rise.